The data in this report are based on a nationally representative survey of 10,660 people in the United Kingdom aged 16 and older. The survey was conducted 7 November –13 November 2024. All questionnaires were self-administered by respondents in a web-based environment. The average margin of error for the sample was +/- 0.9 percentage points at the 95% confidence level.
The sample was drawn from the Ipsos KnowledgePanel®, an online panel of members drawn using probability sampling methods. Prospective members are recruited using a combination of random digit dial and address-based sampling techniques that cover virtually all (non-institutional) residential phone numbers and addresses in the United Kingdom. Those contacted who would choose to join the panel but do not have access to the Internet are loaned computers or tablets and given Internet access so they may participate. The sample therefore includes a representative cross-section of UK residents ages 16 and older – irrespective of whether they have Internet access, use
only a cell phone, etc. The sample was weighted, post survey, to match key UK Office of National Statistics demographic norms.
The question item in section 3.2 was originally developed by the UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero Public Attitudes Tracker study:
UK DESNZ (2024). DESNZ Public Attitudes Tracker Spring 2024 Questionnaire. UK Government. London: UK DESNZ. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/desnz-public-attitudes-tracker-spring-2024
The survey instrument was designed by Anthony Leiserowitz, Jennifer Carman, Seth Rosenthal, and Jennifer Marlon of Yale University. The report text was prepared by Anthony Leiserowitz, Jennifer Carman, Seth Rosenthal, and Marija Verner of Yale University. The figures and tables were constructed by Emily Goddard of Yale University.
Rounding error and tabulation
In data tables, bases specified are unweighted, while percentages are weighted to match national population parameters.
For tabulation purposes, percentage points are rounded to the nearest whole number. As a result, percentages in a given chart may total slightly higher or lower than 100%. Summed response categories (e.g., “very worried” + “moderately worried”) are rounded after sums are calculated. For example, in some cases, the sum of 25% + 25% might be reported as 51% (e.g., 25.3% + 25.3% = 50.6%, which, after rounding, would be reported as 25% + 25% = 51%).