The data in this report are based on a nationally representative survey of 1,043 American adults, aged 18 and older. The survey was conducted December 6 – 11, 2019. All questionnaires were self-administered by respondents in a web-based environment. The survey took, on average, 10 minutes to complete.
The sample was drawn from the Ipsos (formerly GfK) KnowledgePanel®, an online panel of members drawn using probability sampling methods. Prospective members are recruited using a combination of random digit dial and address-based sampling techniques that cover virtually all (non-institutional) resident phone numbers and addresses in the United States. Those contacted who would choose to join the panel but do not have access to the Internet are loaned computers and given Internet access so they may participate.
The sample therefore includes a representative cross-section of American adults – irrespective of whether they have Internet access, use only a cell phone, etc. Key demographic variables were weighted, post-survey, to match U.S. Census Bureau norms.
The survey instrument was designed by Matthew Ballew, Seth Rosenthal, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Jillian Semaan.
Sample details and margins of error
All samples are subject to some degree of sampling error – that is, statistical results obtained from a sample can be expected to differ somewhat from results that would be obtained if every member of the target population were interviewed. Average margins of error, at the 95% confidence level, are plus or minus 3 percentage points for the entire U.S. sample.
Rounding error
For tabulation purposes, percentage points are rounded to the nearest whole number. As a result, percentages in a given chart may total slightly higher or lower than 100%. Summed response categories (e.g., “strongly support” + “somewhat support”) are rounded after sums are calculated (e.g., 25.3% + 25.3% = 50.6%, which, after rounding, would be reported as 25% + 25% = 51%).